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Criminal Liability Equation

Foundations of Criminal Liability

Criminal Offences + Defences

Non-Fatal Offences

Fatal Offences - Murder + Voluntary Manslaughter Defences (Special Defences to Murder)

Fatal Offences - Involuntary Manslaughter

Property Offences

Preliminary Offences

General Defences - Capacity Defences

General Defences - Necessity Defences

Actus Reus

Day 1 | R v Pittwood (1902)

Discover one of the leading cases on omissions and contractual duties.

This case explains how a failure to act may satisfy the actus reus of a criminal offence where the law recognises a duty to intervene, making it an essential starting point for the study of criminal liability.

Day 2 | R v Gibbins and Proctor (1918)

Discover one of the leading cases on omissions and duties arising from special relationships.

This case explains how a legal duty to act may arise through a familial relationship, demonstrating how a failure to fulfil that duty can satisfy the actus reus of a criminal offence and give rise to criminal liability.